آموزش کامل جملهوارههای موصولی در زبان انگلیسی
جملهواره موصولی (Relative Clause) بخشی از جمله است که اطلاعات بیشتری درباره یک اسم (موصوف) ارائه میدهد. این جملهواره معمولاً با ضمیر موصولی مانند who, which, that, whom یا whose شروع میشود.
جملهوارههای موصولی دو نوع اصلی دارند:
معرف (Defining): اطلاعات ضروری درباره موصوف ارائه میدهند و بدون آنها جمله ناقص است.
توصیفی (Non-defining): اطلاعات اضافی ارائه میدهند و با کاما از بقیه جمله جدا میشوند.
| ضمیر موصولی | کاربرد | مثال | ترجمه |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | برای افراد (فاعل) | The woman who lives next door is a doctor. | زنی که همسایه ماست دکتر است. |
| whom | برای افراد (مفعول) | The man whom I met yesterday was very kind. | مردی که دیروز ملاقات کردم بسیار مهربان بود. |
| which | برای اشیا و حیوانات | The book which is on the table is mine. | کتابی که روی میز است مال من است. |
| that | برای افراد و اشیا (در جملهوارههای معرف) | The car that I bought is very fast. | ماشینی که خریدم خیلی سریع است. |
| whose | برای بیان مالکیت | The student whose father is a teacher studies hard. | دانشآموزی که پدرش معلم است سخت درس میخواند. |
| where | برای مکانها | This is the house where I was born. | این خانهای است که در آن به دنیا آمدم. |
| when | برای زمانها | I remember the day when we first met. | روزی که برای اولین بار ملاقات کردیم را به یاد دارم. |
| why | برای دلایل | Tell me the reason why you are late. | دلیلی که دیر کردی را به من بگو. |
این جملهوارهها اطلاعات ضروری و لازم برای شناسایی موصوف ارائه میدهند. بدون آنها جمله معنی کامل خود را از دست میدهد.
The book that you gave me was very interesting.
کتابی که به من دادی خیلی جالب بود.
People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.
افرادی که در خانههای شیشهای زندگی میکنند نباید سنگ پرتاب کنند.
با استفاده از ضمایر موصولی مناسب، دو جمله زیر را به هم وصل کنید:
1. I like the dress. You bought the dress yesterday.
2. The man is my uncle. He is standing over there.
3. This is the hospital. I was born here.
1. I like the dress that you bought yesterday.
2. The man who is standing over there is my uncle.
3. This is the hospital where I was born.
این جملهوارهها اطلاعات اضافی و غیرضروری ارائه میدهند. آنها با کاما از بقیه جمله جدا میشوند و حذف آنها به معنی اصلی جمله لطمه نمیزند.
My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.
برادرم، که در لندن زندگی میکند، دکتر است.
The Eiffel Tower, which is in Paris, is a famous landmark.
برج ایفل، که در پاریس است، یک نشانه معروف است.
با استفاده از ضمایر موصولی مناسب، اطلاعات اضافی به جملات زیر اضافه کنید:
1. Albert Einstein was a great physicist. He developed the theory of relativity.
2. My grandmother is 90 years old. She still drives a car.
3. The Amazon River is the longest river in the world. It flows through Brazil.
1. Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, was a great physicist.
2. My grandmother, who is 90 years old, still drives a car.
3. The Amazon River, which flows through Brazil, is the longest river in the world.
در جملهوارههای موصولی معرف، وقتی ضمیر موصولی نقش مفعولی دارد، میتوان آن را حذف کرد:
The book that you recommended was excellent. → The book you recommended was excellent.
The person whom I met yesterday was very friendly. → The person I met yesterday was very friendly.
اما وقتی ضمیر موصولی نقش فاعلی دارد، نمیتوان آن را حذف کرد:
The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (صحیح)
The woman lives next door is a doctor. (غلط)
وقتی در جملهواره موصولی از حرف اضافه استفاده میکنیم، دو ساختار رایج داریم:
The house which I lived in was very old.
The house in which I lived was very old. (رسمیتر)
خانهای که در آن زندگی میکردم خیلی قدیمی بود.
جملات زیر را با دو روش مختلف بازنویسی کنید:
1. The person. I was talking to him.
2. The company. She works for it.
1. The person who I was talking to... / The person to whom I was talking...
2. The company which she works for... / The company for which she works...
میتوانیم از کلماتی مانند some, many, most, all, none با of whom یا of which استفاده کنیم:
I have many friends, some of whom are doctors.
من دوستان زیادی دارم که بعضی از آنها دکتر هستند.
She has three brothers, all of whom live abroad.
او سه برادر دارد که همه آنها در خارج زندگی میکنند.
جای خالی را با合适的的 ضمیر موصولی پر کنید:
1. The woman ______ is standing there is my mother.
2. This is the book ______ I told you about.
3. The car ______ he bought was very expensive.
4. Students ______ study hard usually succeed.
5. The house ______ they live is very old.
1. who/that
2. that/which (یا حذف ضمیر)
3. that/which
4. who/that
5. where
با استفاده از جملهواره موصولی، دو جمله را به هم وصل کنید:
1. I know a man. His son is a famous actor.
2. The movie was very interesting. We watched it yesterday.
3. This is the village. I grew up here.
4. The teacher is very popular. He teaches math.
5. Yesterday was a holiday. We had a party on that day.
1. I know a man whose son is a famous actor.
2. The movie that we watched yesterday was very interesting.
3. This is the village where I grew up.
4. The teacher who teaches math is very popular.
5. Yesterday was the day when we had a party.
جملات زیر را تصحیح کنید:
1. The man which lives next door is a doctor.
2. This is the book who I bought yesterday.
3. The city where I was born there is very beautiful.
4. She has a brother that he is engineer.
5. The reason because I'm late is traffic.
1. The man who lives next door is a doctor.
2. This is the book that I bought yesterday.
3. The city where I was born is very beautiful.
4. She has a brother who is an engineer.
5. The reason why I'm late is traffic.