آموزش کامل گفتار غیرمستقیم در زبان انگلیسی
گفتار غیرمستقیم یا Reported Speech برای نقل قول غیرمستقیم از گفتههای دیگران استفاده میشود. برخلاف گفتار مستقیم که عیناً گفته شخص را نقل میکنیم، در گفتار غیرمستقیم تغییراتی در زمان افعال، ضمایر و قیدهای زمان و مکان ایجاد میشود.
| گفتار مستقیم | گفتار غیرمستقیم | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| حال ساده | گذشته ساده | "I like pizza." → He said he liked pizza. |
| حال استمراری | گذشته استمراری | "I am studying." → She said she was studying. |
| حال کامل | گذشته کامل | "I have finished." → He said he had finished. |
| حال کامل استمراری | گذشته کامل استمراری | "I have been waiting." → She said she had been waiting. |
| گذشته ساده | گذشته کامل | "I saw him." → He said he had seen him. |
| گذشته استمراری | گذشته کامل استمراری | "I was sleeping." → She said she had been sleeping. |
| will | would | "I will help." → He said he would help. |
| can | could | "I can swim." → She said she could swim. |
| may | might | "I may come." → He said he might come. |
| must | had to | "I must go." → She said she had to go. |
| گفتار مستقیم | گفتار غیرمستقیم |
|---|---|
| I, me, my, mine | he/she, him/her, his/her, his/hers |
| we, us, our, ours | they, them, their, theirs |
| this, these | that, those |
| here | there |
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next/following day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| last week | the week before |
| next month | the following month |
از افعال reporting مانند said, told, mentioned, explained استفاده میکنیم:
"I'm tired." → He said (that) he was tired.
"I love this song." → She told me (that) she loved that song.
از افعال reporting مانند asked, wondered, inquired استفاده میکنیم و ساختار جمله به صورت خبری درمیآید:
"Are you happy?" → He asked if I was happy.
"Where do you live?" → She asked where I lived.
از افعال reporting مانند told, asked, ordered, suggested استفاده میکنیم:
"Please help me." → He asked me to help him.
"Don't be late." → She told me not to be late.
| نوع جمله | فعل Reporting | ساختار | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
| خبری | said, stated, mentioned | فاعل + said + (that) + جمله | He said (that) he was busy. |
| پرسشی | asked, wondered, inquired | فاعل + asked + if/whether/کلمه پرسشی + جمله | She asked where I lived. |
| امری | told, asked, ordered | فاعل + told/asked + مفعول + (not) + to + مصدر | He told me to wait. |
| پیشنهادی | suggested, recommended | فاعل + suggested + (that) + فاعل + should + مصدر یا مصدر ing | She suggested that we should go. |
جملات زیر را به گفتار غیرمستقیم تبدیل کنید:
1. "I am reading a book." → She said...
2. "We will travel tomorrow." → They said...
3. "I have finished my homework." → He said...
4. "I can't come to the party." → She told me...
5. "I saw this movie last week." → He said...
1. She said (that) she was reading a book.
2. They said (that) they would travel the next day.
3. He said (that) he had finished his homework.
4. She told me (that) she couldn't come to the party.
5. He said (that) he had seen that movie the week before.
سوالات زیر را به گفتار غیرمستقیم تبدیل کنید:
1. "Are you happy?" → He asked me...
2. "Where do you live?" → She asked...
3. "Have you seen my keys?" → He asked...
4. "What time does the train leave?" → They wanted to know...
5. "Will you help me?" → She asked me...
1. He asked me if I was happy.
2. She asked where I lived.
3. He asked if I had seen his keys.
4. They wanted to know what time the train left.
5. She asked me if I would help her.
جملات امری زیر را به گفتار غیرمستقیم تبدیل کنید:
1. "Please close the window." → He asked me...
2. "Don't be late." → She told me...
3. "Help me with this exercise." → He asked her...
4. "Don't forget to call me." → She reminded me...
5. "Bring your books tomorrow." → The teacher told us...
1. He asked me to close the window.
2. She told me not to be late.
3. He asked her to help him with that exercise.
4. She reminded me not to forget to call her.
5. The teacher told us to bring our books the next day.